Drum brakes feature a round drum that houses all the of the working components. When the brake pedal is pushed, fluid causes two shoes inside to push against the brake drum and slow the wheel. Disc brakes feature a rotor and a caliper that houses two brake pads. When the brake pedal is activated, the brake pads clamp together on either side of the rotor.
Many manufacturers switched to disc brakes in the early 1970s because of their power and superior ability to manage heat.